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Which of the following is an example of a substantive analytical procedure?
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Q1. Which of the following is an example of a substantive analytical procedure?
Correct answer: A. Comparing recorded revenue to a budget or prior year and investigating significant fluctuations
Analytical procedures involve evaluating financial information through plausible relationships; comparing recorded amounts to an expectation and investigating fluctuations is a classic substantive analytical procedure.
Q2. A positive confirmation request sent to a customer asks the customer to
Correct answer: B. Reply whether or not the customer agrees with the balance stated
A positive confirmation asks the recipient to respond directly to the auditor indicating agreement or disagreement with the stated information, regardless of the outcome.
Q3. An auditor most likely would inspect loan agreements under which the client's assets are pledged as collateral for which primary purpose?
Correct answer: A. To identify unrecorded liens against pledged assets that may affect asset presentation and disclosure
Inspecting loan agreements helps the auditor identify liens or pledges on assets, which affects how those assets should be presented and disclosed in the financial statements.
Q4. When using audit sampling for tests of controls, an increase in the tolerable rate of deviation from the prescribed control, all else equal, would
Correct answer: B. Decrease the required sample size
A higher tolerable deviation rate means the auditor can accept more control deviations before concluding the control is ineffective, which allows for a smaller sample size.
Q5. Which of the following procedures would provide the most reliable evidence about the existence of accounts receivable?
Correct answer: B. Confirming a sample of receivable balances directly with customers
Direct confirmation with customers is external evidence obtained directly by the auditor and provides strong evidence of existence, a key assertion for receivables.
Q6. In a variables sampling application designed to estimate the dollar amount of misstatement in an account balance, the auditor is primarily concerned with which risk?
Correct answer: B. Risk of incorrect acceptance
The risk of incorrect acceptance is the risk that the sample supports a conclusion that the recorded balance is not materially misstated when it actually is, the key risk in substantive variables sampling.
Q7. An auditor selects a sample of shipping documents and traces them forward to sales invoices and the sales journal. This test is designed primarily to detect
Correct answer: B. Unrecorded sales, that is, an understatement of revenue
Tracing from shipping documents, which evidence that a shipment occurred, forward into the sales journal tests completeness, that is, whether valid shipments were in fact recorded as sales.
Q8. Which of the following best describes the purpose of dual-purpose testing?
Correct answer: A. Testing both the operating effectiveness of a control and the monetary correctness of the same transaction using one sample
A dual-purpose test uses the same sample of transactions to test the operating effectiveness of a control and to perform substantive testing of the related transaction amounts.
Q9. An auditor is testing the completeness of accounts payable at year end. Which procedure provides the most relevant evidence?
Correct answer: B. Examining unmatched receiving reports and vendor invoices received after year end to identify unrecorded liabilities
Because the recorded payables population itself may omit unrecorded liabilities, a search for unrecorded liabilities using post-year-end payments and unmatched receiving reports is the most effective test of completeness; confirming or vouching recorded payables tests existence, not completeness.
Q10. A client uses a perpetual inventory system with a strong cycle-count program that the auditor has tested and found effective throughout the year. Under these circumstances, the auditor may most appropriately
Correct answer: B. Observe a physical count at an interim date rather than at year end, adjusting for intervening transactions
When perpetual records are well maintained and cycle counts are effective, the auditor may observe counts at an interim date and roll the results forward to year end using the perpetual records, rather than observing only at year end.
Exam facts and objectives sourced from the official AICPA certification page. Last reviewed June 2026.
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